Current D-Mannose Research
[Anti-bacterial defense mechanism of the urinary bladder. Role
of d-mannose in urine].
Safe as mother's milk: carbohydrates as future anti-adhesion
drugs for bacterial diseases.
Department of Biological Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science,
Rehovot, Israel. bfsharon@weizmann.weizmann.ac.il Sharon N, Ofek
I.
The majority of infectious diseases are initiated by adhesion of pathogenic
organisms to the tissues of the host. In many cases, this adhesion is mediated
by lectins present on the surface of the infectious organism that bind to
complementary carbohydrates on the surface of the host tissues. Lectin-deficient
mutants often lack ability to initiate infection. Soluble carbohydrates
recognized by the bacterial lectins block the adhesion of the bacteria to
animal cells in vitro. Moreover, they have also been shown to protect against
experimental infection by lectin-carrying bacteria in different organs of
mammals such as mice, rabbits, calves and monkeys. [truncated to 100 words]
Toyota S, Fukushi Y, Katoh S, Orikasa S, Suzuki Y
Bacterial
adherence to mucosa is thought to be an initial and important stage to
cause urinary tract infection. Among some mechanisms of bacterial adherence,
the role of fimbriae and its receptor is worthy of notice. In particular,
type 1 fimbriae, for which mannose is assumed as a receptor, is reported
as the most common type and called "common fimbriae". Therefore if a certain
amount of mannose is present in urine, it will cover the fimbriae of bacteria
and competitively block the bacterial adherence to bladder mucosa. As the
first step, we tried to detect mannose in urine by high performance liquid
chromatography (HPLC). Sugar can be measured by detecting the fluorescence
which is produced by a sugar separated by ion exchange, reacting with arginine
at high temperature. The results using standard sugar samples should have
highly stable retention time and concentration curve with the minimum detectable
mannose concentration of 0.02 microgram. We investigated mannose in urine
from 186 cases. Since the mannose peak was often masked by near unidentified
peaks, the peak of mannose could be detected only in 80 cases and its concentration
could be measured only in 24 cases. Mannose concentration in the urine of
the 24 cases was between 2.6 and 108.7 micrograms/ml and in most of cases
it was lower than 20 micrograms/ml. Secondary, we examined the possibility
of a mannose in urine to prevent bacterial adherence to mucosa by the hemagglutination
test using guinea pig erythrocytes and type 1 fimbriated E. coli.(ABSTRACT
TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
PMID: 2576290, UI: 90172805
Effect of D-mannose and D-glucose on Escherichia coli bacteriuria
in rats.
Urol Res 1983;11(2):97-102
Michaels EK, Chmiel JS, Plotkin BJ, Schaeffer AJ.
The effect of D-mannose and D-glucose on bacteriuria due to Escherichia
coli with mannose-sensitive adhesins was investigated in adult male Sprague-Dawley
rats undergoing diuresis. Inocula of 10(5), 10(7), or 10(8) bacteria in
0.1 ml of normal saline or 2.5% or 10% D-mannose or D-glucose were injected
intravesically and urine was cultured 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 days later. The levels
of bacteriuria on days 1 and 5 were significantly lower in rats inoculated
with 10(5) E coli and 10% D-mannose than in controls (p less than 0.05 and
0.01 respectively) and the percentages of rats with less than 100 bacteria/ml
were higher on days 1 and 3 (p = 0.05 and 0.02 respectively). Bacteriuria
was significantly lower in rats inoculated with 10(7) bacteria and 10% D-mannose
than in controls on days 5 and 7 (p less than 0.01 for each day) and the
percentage of rats with less than 100 bacteria/ml was higher on day 7 (p
= 0.01). D-glucose reduced bacteriuria significantly only with a concentration
of 10% after instillation of 10(5) E. coli (p less than 0.05, day 1). The
results indicate that D-mannose and D-glucose can significantly reduce bacteriuria
within 1 day and that their efficacy is dependent upon the concentration of
both saccharide and bacteria.
PMID: 6346629 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Zafriri D, Ofek I, Adar
R, Pocino M, Sharon N Department of Human Microbiology,
Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University,
Israel.
Inhibition of bacterial adherence
to bladder cells has been assumed to account for
the beneficial action ascribed to cranberry juice
and cranberry juice cocktail in the prevention of
urinary tract infections (A. E. Sobota, J. Urol.
131:1013-1016, 1984). We have examined the effect
of the cocktail and juice on the adherence of Escherichia
coli expressing surface lectins of defined sugar
specificity to yeasts, tissue culture cells, erythrocytes,
and mouse peritoneal macrophages. Cranberry juice cocktail
inhibited the adherence of urinary isolates expressing
type 1 fimbriae (mannose specific) and P fimbriae
[specific for alpha-D-Gal(1----4)-beta-D-Gal] but
had no effect on a diarrheal isolate expressing
a CFA/I adhesin. The cocktail also inhibited yeast
agglutination by purified type 1 fimbriae. The inhibitory
activity for type 1 fimbriated E. coli was dialyzable
and could be ascribed to the fructose present in
the cocktail; this sugar was about 1/10 as active
as methyl alpha-D-mannoside in inhibiting the adherence
of type 1 fimbriated bacteria. The inhibitory activity
for the P fimbriated bacteria was nondialyzable and was
detected only after preincubation of the bacteria
with the cocktail. Cranberry juice, orange juice,
and pineapple juice also inhibited adherence of
type 1 fimbriated E. coli, most likely because of
their fructose content. However, the two latter
juices did not inhibit the P fimbriated bacteria.
We conclude that cranberry juice contains at least
two inhibitors of lectin-mediated adherence of uropathogens
to eucaryotic cells. Further studies are required to establish
whether these inhibitors play a role in vivo.
PMID: 2653218 Nippon Hinyokika Gakkai Zasshi 1989
Dec;80(12):1816-23 [Anti-bacterial defense mechanism
of the urinary bladder. Role of mannose in urine].
[Article in Japanese] Toyota S, Fukushi Y, Katoh
S, Orikasa S, Suzuki Y
PMID: 2576290, UI: 90172805
[See also Dr. Jonathan Wright's article on mannose
and urinary tract infections online http://www.tahoma-clinic.com/mannose.shtml
] Am J Vet Res 2000 Apr;61(4):446-9
Use of specific sugars to inhibit bacterial adherence
to equine endometrium in vitro.
King SS, Young DA, Nequin LG, Carnevale EM
Department of Animal Science, Food, and Nutrition,
College of Agriculture and Science, Southern Illinois
University, Carbondale 62901, USA. OBJECTIVE: To
determine whether specific sugars inhibit adhesion
of Streptococcus zooepidemicus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa,
and Escherichia coli to equine endometrial epithelial
cells in vitro. SAMPLE POPULATION: Endometrial biopsy
specimens collected during estrus from 7 healthy
mares. PROCEDURE: Endometrial specimens on glass
slides were incubated for 30 minutes at 4 C with suspensions
of S. zooepidemicus, P. aeruginosa, or E. coli in phosphate-buffered
saline solution (PBSS) alone or with various concentrations
of D-(+)-mannose, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, N-acetyl-D-galactosamine,
D-(+)-glucose, galactose, or N-acetyl-neuraminic
acid. Inhibition of bacterial adherence was determined
by comparing adhesion of bacteria (i.e., percentage
of glandular epithelial cells with adherent bacteria)
suspended in each sugar solution with that of bacteria
suspended in PBSS. RESULTS: Mannose and N-acetyl-D-galactosamine
inhibited adhesion of E. coli and P. aeruginosa
to epithelial cells, whereas only mannose inhibited
adhesion of S. zooepidemicus. The other sugars did
not affect bacterial adherence. CONCLUSIONS AND
CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Mannose and N-acetyl-D-galactosamine
appear to play a role in adhesion of S. zooepidemicus,
P. aeruginosa, and E. coli to equine endometrium. In horses
with uterine infections, use of sugars to competitively
displace bacteria from attachment sites on cells
may provide an adjunct to antibiotic treatment.
PMID: 10772112
Effect of D-mannose and D-glucose on Escherichia
coli bacteriuria in rats, Urol Res 11(2):97-102,
1983.
Mannose-sensitive adherence of Escherichia coli
to epithelial cells from women with recurrent urinary
tract infections, J Urol 131(5):906-910, May 1984.
Mannose-sensitive hemagglutination in the absence
of piliation in Escherichia coli, Mol Microb 4(8):1311-1318,
August 1990.
Mannose Sensitive Adherence of Escherichia coli
to Epithelial Cells. Eighty-First Annual Meeting
of the American Society for Microbiology. Dallas,
Texas. March 2-4, 1981.
Effect of D-Mannose on Escherichia coli Adherence
to Human Vaginal Epithelial Cells and Hemagglutination.
American Urological Association. Seventy-Sixth Annual
Meeting. Boston, Massachusetts. May 11, 1981
Prevention of Escherichia coli Bacteriuria in Rats
by D-Mannose. American Urological Association. Boston,
Massachusetts. May 11, 1981.
Regulation of Mannose-Sensitive Hemagglutination
in Clinical Isolates of Escherichia coli. In Kass
EH, Svanborg-Eden C, eds:
Host-Parasite Interactions in Urinary Tract Infections
115-121, Chicago, Illinois, 1989. The University
of Chicago Press.
Contribution of Escherichia coli Type l Pili to
Ascending Urinary Tract Colonization in Mice. eds:
Host-Parasite Interactions in Urinary Tract Infections
341-347, Chicago, Illinois, 1989. The University
of Chicago Press.
Inhibitory activity of cranberry juice on adherence
of type 1 and type P fimbriated Escherichia coli
to eucaryotic cells.
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